(first posted 5/29/2017) Grüẞe, Kurbivoren! This is the second trilogy on German Deadly Sins, now focusing on the Baden-Württemberg town of Neckarsulm (though we will visit Bavaria again during our little journey). Why Neckarsulm? Because NSU, the famously brilliant automaker that Wankeled itself to an early grave in the ‘70s, hails from there. “NSU” is a contraction of “NeckarSUlm”, apparently. But the NSU story is more complex than that, so let’s start by having a look at the forgotten Italian cousins: NSU-Fiat, otherwise known as Neckar.
1928 NSU 6/30 PS cabriolet by Weinsberg
The long industrial history of Neckarsulmer Motorenwerk AG (NSU) began in the late 19th Century, when gentlemen sported frightening facial hair and ladies wore crippling corsets. NSU made knitting machines in the 1880s, then progressing to bicycles and, by 1901, motorcycles. The first NSU cars came out in 1905, with larger models from Belgian automaker Pipe built under license. Business continued after the First World War, with NSU’s diverse range of 4- and 6-cyl. cars finding a dwindling amount of takers in the troubled Weimar Republic. Cars were made in a second factory in Heilbronn, a few kilometers upstream of the river Neckar.
Jaray-designed 1934 NSU-Fiat 508 streamliner by Buhne
By 1928, NSU were finding themselves in a bit of financial trouble. The cause was the new car factory, which was underutilized. Pressured by their creditors, NSU decided to sell the whole thing (then called NSU-Automobil AG Heilbronn) and refocus on their profitable bicycle and motorcycle business. The plant was bought wholesale by Fiat, already one of Europe’s automotive giants, in January 1929. It wasn’t a dissimilar move from GM, who also bought Opel and Vauxhall that same year. Slow-selling NSU “legacy” cars continued to be built in 1930-31, but new Turin-based models were introduced as NSU-Fiat by 1932.
’38 NSU-Fiats – above: 1100 saloon & Gläser cabriolet; below: 1500 Buhne cabriolet & 500 Weinsberg roadster
Thus the NSU acronym became a synonym for German-built Fiats for the next three decades. NSU-Fiat models differed a bit from their Italian cousins, due to their components being sourced in Germany. The popular 1100s, for instance, had distinctive door handles. German coachbuilders also made small series of special bodies (drop-tops, mostly) that were included in the NSU-Fiat catalogue but never seen in Italy.
1951 NSU-Fiat 1100 cabriolet (above) and 1956 Neckar Sport coupé (below) by Wendler
This continued after the Second World War. A wide range of models were created by the Turin mothership, but NSU-Fiat chiefly focused on small and mid-range cars. Bigger models were usually imported from Italy and sold at NSU-Fiat dealerships, but under the Fiat nameplate. The NSU-Fiat range also included a Wendler-made (and designed) 1100 convertible and coupé, the sole NSU-only model in the early ‘50s.
Austrian half-sisters…
It’s uncanny how many times Fiat followed this pattern. Virtually as soon as they could, Fiat entered a foreign market and set up an assembly line and, more often than not, a local partner was roped in (or created) to build and sell the cars. Fiat created or partnered up with Simca in France, Steyr-Puch in Austria, FSO (Polski-Fiat) in Poland, Zastava in Yugoslavia, SEAT in Spain, VAZ (Lada) in the USSR, Tofaş in Turkey, Premier in India, etc. Most, if not all, of these Fiat factories produced designs or versions of Turin’s cars that were unique to them. Steyr, for instance, used Fiat bodies but made their own engines. SEAT created a 4-door version of the 600. Simca gradually became their own thing, though the Aronde or the 1000 were still designed in Turin.
1100 evolution: above, 1954 NSU-Fiat 1100; below, 1956 NSU-Fiat Neckar; bottom, 1957 NSU-Fiat Neckar.
The German Fiats were therefore more than just copies of the original, they had their own intrinsic identity and qualities. One of the most popular ones, the 1100, was sold as the NSU-Fiat Neckar from 1955. Compared to Turin-made 1100s, the German version eventually had a big central chromed grille insert, Bosch electrics and a generally higher level of build quality.
Bespoke 500s were certainly not unknown in Italy. Autobianchi made 500-based models that were akin to the NSU-Fiat Weinsberg 500, but the German car was quite distinctive. But by the late ‘50s, the Neckarsulm NSU re-entered the car market. This led to an obvious problem: there couldn’t be two NSUs on the same turf. Also, the Heilbronn factory was undergoing an export boom – something that Fiat hadn’t anticipated. NSU-Fiats were a byword for well-built Italian cars, something that many markets were very keen on. By the late ‘50s, Scandinavia, Benelux and even Britain were importing increasing amounts of German Fiats.
Chardonnet’s dealer network also sold more upscale cars, including BMW, Bristol and AC.
NSU-Fiat’s the biggest market by far (after West Germany, of course) was France. Turin-made cars were officially distributed by Simca, which were still majority-owned by Fiat. But as time went on, Fiats were increasingly seen by Simca dealers and Simca themselves as unwelcome competitors; Fiat “proper” were finding it increasingly difficult to sell their cars in France. Local entrepreneur André Chardonnet saw this as an opportunity to start importing German Fiats – and they were very successful, not only thanks to their intrinsic qualities, but also to Chardonnet’s effective dealer network.
1961 German catalogue: no more NSU-Fiat.
But NSU Neckarsulm, after years of being a successful motorcycle manufacturer, was re-entering the car market with their completely unrelated Prinz, so NSU-Fiat had to re-brand itself. Starting in 1958-59, NSU-Fiats became Neckars (the name hitherto associated with the 1100 range, which became the Europa) for export markets. By 1960, the name change had also been adopted in Germany. The new Neckar badge would include the mention vorm. NSU Heilbronn (“formerly NSU Heilbronn”) for a few model years, à la “Datsun by Nissan”.
Above: 1960 range, as advertised in Denmark; below: Neckar Europa Special; bottom: Neckar 1500.
In the early ‘60s, Neckars were very popular around Europe. The range now included the 1100 Europa and Europa Special (the 1100 D), the little Weinsberg 500, the Jagst 770 (a.k.a Fiat 600) and soon the 1500 saloon. The brand name was never intended to disguise the Fiat side of the cars – people knew these were Fiats. But the factory’s increasing output and the brand’s presence both at home and abroad allowed Neckar to introduce more “non-Fiat” models like the Weinsberg 500.
Italian coachbuilders and designers came out with a bewildering array of fuoriserie bodies every year, often making only a handful of each design for folks who wanted something a bit different. All Neckar had to do was to select a few of these coachbuilt Fiats and include them in their range. The first of these was the 1961 Jagst 770 Riviera coupé and cabriolet, designed by Vignale. GM did try to object to the use of the Riviera name, but dropped the matter pretty quickly (there’s no mistaking this Neckar for a Buick, after all).
Another interesting Neckar-branded car was the 1500 TS, which was actually built in Italy by SIATA, using the Fiat 1500’s underpinnings. It was marketed as the Neckar Mistral in France, and its SIATA-tuned engine and revised suspension gave it a genuine edge over comparable sports coupés. The Michelotti-penned body was certainly interesting too, though perhaps not the stylist’s best effort.
In 1963, André Chardonnet came across a lovely little two-door design by OSI at the Turin Motor Show based on the Fiat 1300. He immediately went to Heilbronn and made a compelling case for Neckar to license this design from OSI. As the marque’s single most important foreign dealer, Chardonnet had a lot of clout within Neckar, so he also suggested they name the new car “St-Trop” – the nickname of the fashionable Côte d’Azur port of Saint-Tropez.
The new Neckar was naturally launched there, which did not please the local authorities, who balked at the fact that their town’s name had been butchered and placed on a foreign car. But no matter, the St-Trop was a small success, although by now Neckar’s star was already on the wane. 1962 had been peak-Neckar in terms of production, with over 50,000 cars made (compared to an average of 25,000 in the late ‘50s), but signs were already pointing to a downward trend.
In 1963, Fiat sold their remaining stake in Simca to Chrysler and began to establish their own dealer network in France. Brilliant salesman though he was, Chardonnet was not in a position to resist this onslaught: Turin-made Fiats were a good deal cheaper than the German ones. The Neckar Adria (a.k.a the Fiat 850) was the last new German Fiat distributed in France before Chardonnet abandoned the Neckar brand around 1966 in favour of Autobianchi (and later Lancia, Polski-Fiat and others).
Fiat, Neckar, NSU-Fiat, SIATA? Things were getting a bit confused by 1965…
The German market was also changing. Heilbronn’s labour and materials costs were structurally higher than Turin’s. This was initially counterbalanced by tariffs, but those were being gradually lowered as the 1957 Treaty of Rome, which instituted the EEC and the Common Market, came into force in the ‘60s. Among the EEC member countries were Germany, Italy and France: Fiat soon realized they were better off centralizing production in Turin rather than having a German subsidiary with spiraling costs. On top of that, the branding was becoming ever more muddled, as Neckar started selling increasing amounts of Fiat-branded cars made in Turin.
The last Neckar-branded cars were sold in 1968. All subsequent cars built in Heilbronn, such as the 128 (above) or the 124, were badged as Fiats. The factory’s output gradually declined and the end finally came in 1972 when it was closed down for good.
It may be unjust to include Neckar into this Deadly Sin series. After all, they did nothing wrong, and the reason they disappeared was due to political/economic decisions well beyond their control. This is completely valid. There is no DS here as such, just the end of the best Fiats ever built (along with the Steyrs), some tasty Italian-styled ‘60s cars and, one hopes, an interesting amuse-bouche to introduce this triptych’s main thrust, NSU.
So keep Neckar tucked away in a corner of your mind for a bit as we call on Bavaria again tomorrow, to the beat of the two-stroke, and visit the city of Ingolstadt – home of DKW / Auto Union.
Related CC post:
Carshow Capsule: 1964 Neckar Weinsberg – A DeLuxe Fiat For Germany, by Roger Carr
Great article, as usual.
Great read. You can see Michelotti’s Triumph saloon nose in the Mistral – better looking that the OSI effort.
This fills in a lot of details about some very familiar cars to me from my childhood. I was quite aware of both genuine Fiats and NSU-Fiats, as both could be seen in Austria, along with the Steyr-Fiats. A bit confusing…
I need to board a flight right now, but more later, perhaps. But thanks for a great read for 4:50 in the morning at the airport. 🙂
Yeah, Fiat’s numerous doppelgangers around Europe are very confusing indeed. Not to mention the South American ones!
Fly safe.
I never knew the full story of the Fiat connection only bits of it, rare cars here.
Absolutely fascinating read! I knew that FIAT had a huge presence in postwar Europe, I had no idea it was this large.
Cool article, even if it was not about a true deadly sin- that sin will come later, I know. Just like Paul I remember many of these Neckar FIATs from my childhood. And the license plate of the last picture is the cherry on the top: “OG” stands for Kreis (County) Offenburg which is home base for me.
What truly surprised me was that the 850, 124 and 128 were actually rolling of the Heilbronn assembly line. I thought they were all coming from Turin and NSU was completely separated from FIAT selling their Prinz line-up only. Thanks for the education!
NSU and NSU-Fiat/Neckar were different companies. Somehow, I didn’t write that paragraph as clearly as I could have, but I just re-wrote it.
So yes, as you thought, NSU sold their Heilbronn car branch to Fiat, then made motorcycles in Neckarsulm until 1958, when they made the Prinz, which was completely non-Fiat. At that point, NSU-Fiat changed their name to Neckar and carried on making Fiat-based cars.
It’s about as confusing as the Talbot story…
Excellent write-up, I had no idea Fiat’s reach extended so far from Italy. To some extent, they did the same thing in Europe that GM did globally.
Ironically, the factors that killed NSU-Fiat’s “tie-up, were to disappear within 10-15 years of NSU/Neckar’s disappearance….admittedly a lifetime to a car manufacturer.
Fiat also made cars in Poughkeepsie NY for a few years starting around 1909. The factory closed in 1917 and became a printing plant. I have only seen one example at a car show held a couple miles south of the factory at the Samuel F. B. Morse estate. That was a big fancy touring car designed to be chauffer-driven.
This one?
https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hmn/2004/08/1913-Fiat-Type-56/1280806.html
More on the factory:
https://www.hemmings.com/blog/index.php/2009/06/08/inside-the-poughkeepsie-fiat-factory/
As Heilbronn is only a few miles from Neckarsulm, was there pressure on the government, or pressure from the government, to keep either or both plants open to “save jobs”? If NSU had collapsed in 69, rather than being bought by VW, then Heilbronn closing only a few years later, the impact on the local economy could have been significant. These days it is SOP in the US for government to throw money at a privately owned factory to keep it open.
I guess it might have been a digression, but I was looking for mention of the Steyr-Puch version of the Fiat 500, outwardly identical to the Italian Nuova 500, but with an opposed-twin engine of 16 to not quite 20 hp, gearbox with synchro on the top three, and a plain swing-axle rear suspension with hollow axle shafts that carried engine oil to lubricate the wheel bearings.
NSU may well have “Wankeled itself into an early grave”, but there is a dedicated band of RO80 owners who have carefully honed the strategies necessary to keep their lovely cars alive and running … without necessarily going for the Mazda-transplant dodge. I’ve seen only one of these in the flesh, in a small California river town, and it stood out like a sleek whippet in a sea of mutts.
A shame Fiat refused to sell the Fiat 124, Fiat 125 and Fiat 128 to Neckar, along with other Fiats plus evena Neckar version of the Autobianchi A112. Would have also been interesting seeing Neckar interact with Steyr-Puch.
Could another 4-6 inches or so have allowed the Fiat 500 along with 500-based 3-box saloon variants such as the Neckar Weinsberg and Autobianchi Bianchina to spawn 4-door variants, along similar lines to the SEAT 800 and SEAT 850 “Largo” 4-door yet below the latter two?
Also curious to know why SEAT and Zastava did not produce their own versions of the Fiat 500 like Neckar, Steyr-Puch and Autobianchi?
I’m not sure adding a few inches and two doors to the 500 would have made for a very capable car, so that’s probably why nobody did it.
To your last point: the Fiat 600 is about as tiny, yet far more versatile, than the 500 ever was. The reason being its 4-cyl. water-cooled engine, of course, which Fiat knew could be stretched to about 1 litre. In countries with limited resources and small markets such as Yugoslavia, Argentina or Spain, it made a lot more sense to start off with a small four that would just need updating rather than an air-cooled twin.
The only foreign Fiat subsidiaries that made the 500 were Neckar (big country/market, lots of technical know-how) and Steyr-Puch (who used their own engines). Then Fiat move all 2-cyl. production to Poland in the ’70s. But the “Fiat 100” (the 600’s engine) became the basic small Fiat engine for decades.
Would agree 4-door 500 variants whether in smaller SEAT 800 or SEAT 850 guise would have needed larger versions of the air-cooled twin to at least be adequate, perhaps even a 750cc twin assuming it was possible though the expected increase in weight for such 4-door variants appear to be fairly negligible when one compares the 2-door Fiat 600 / 850 with the 4-door SEAT 800 / 850 models.
While understanding the Fiat 600 was more versatile, was thinking that other countries could have utilized 500-based models derived from earlier 4-seater prototypes instead of making do with the 500’s existing 2+2 seating layout. Additionally seem to recall Fiat looking at updating the air-cooled twin into a water-cooled unit though not sure what difference that would have made to non-Italian versions of the Fiat 500.
Surely the 600 already did the job a ‘stretched 500’ would have done? Hence no need to do so.
It could have been reserved for Fiat 500-based models from Neckar, Autobianchi and Steyr-Puch. The latter two having no Fiat 600 equivalent.
holy moly… what an education. i should never read cc during work hours.
“NSU” = Neckarsulm Strichmachinen Union (“Sewing Machine Company”).
That’s what some English-speaking sites claim. But not all, and it doesn’t match the company’s history. Look at the German Wikipedia entry on NSU — they clearly shoot this theory down, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke
NSU’s corporate names in chronological order (from a German website):
“Mechanische Werkstatt für Strickmaschinen” (1880, became AG a few years later)
“Neckarsulmer Fahrradwerke AG” (1897)
“NSU Vereinigte Motorenwerke AG” (1926);
“NSU Automobil AG” spun off in 1927 and sold to Fiat in 1929
“NSU Werke AG” (1938)
“NSU Motorenwerke AG” (1960)
“Audi NSU Auto Union AG” (1969)
With Fiat establishing factories in Spain (SEAT), France (Simca) and Germany (NSU-Fiat/Neckar). Is it known if Fiat or another Italian carmaker sought to establish a factory in the UK along similar lines?
The Auto Union DKW was a superb car. The Beetle’s competitor in the 50’s and 60’s, but better design and faster.
The Neckar story is new to me, although I remember the ads for the coupes in the back pages of The Motor. Have never seen one in the UK although did see Steyrs. What a period when the Italian coachbuilders casually built new designs which then went into limited production. Why did that end?
Great read, so much research involved and it fills in a bunch of blanks for me. I have a 1968 Fiat 124 Spider that has a vin plate Deutsche Fiat AktienGesellSchaft Heilbronn besides the vin stamp on chassis and the normal Fiat vin plate as all other Fiats I’ve incountered. What is your best guess on this one? Was it produced by the Fiat factory in Heilbronn or was it a complete car that was sent to Germany for resale due to tariffs or some other type sale tax or licensing restriction. I was told by sources that all 124 spiders were produced in Turin, Italy. To many questions that need answers. Thank you