Group 3 – Grisinger-Miller
The next group of submissions is from industrial design firm Grisinger-Miller.
Arnot “Buzz” Grisinger (who, interestingly enough, worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II), started out his career working as a designer for Chrysler and then Kaiser-Frazer, before becoming hanging his shingle as an independent designer in 1952. While his designs, as we shall see, did not win the contest, Grisinger must have made a good impression, as he would get hired by Ford in 1955 and eventually become the Lincoln/Mercury design director, whereupon he would leave his mark upon the 1966 and 1970 Continental.
Rhys Miller worked as a designer at pretty much all the major automakers: Chrysler, GM, Ford, Nash, and Kaiser. Designs he collaborated on include the Nash Metropolitan and the original two-seater Ford Thunderbird.
Design 6
Their first proposal, Design number 6, is a bit of a mess. The front end vaguely suggests a period Studebaker, with the front headlights extending past the grille and the massive protruding front bumper. The grille is split into an upper and lower section, like a 1961 Desoto, with the lower grill being further split vertically. The character lines on the side and atop the rear fenders do break up what would otherwise be a slab-sided profile (and suggest a 1920s-style fender line), but ultimately feel like they are just tacked on. This is very similar to the fender treatment on the 1949 Lincoln, and it didn’t really work there either.
The rear of Design 6 is highly evocative of an early ’60s Imperial, with the gunsight tail lamps and toilet-seat spare tire hump in the deck lid. One has to wonder if Virgil Exner saw this design concept at some point and decide to borrow these features.
Design 7
Their second submission Design 7, is just plain weird. While I like the grilleless look, it was decades ahead of its time, and would never have sold in the blingy 1950s. I think they were trying to evoke the waterfall grille of the pre-war original Continental, but it doesn’t really work in this application (it didn’t really work when Lincoln tried it on the MKZ, either).
Design 7
If I squint really hard, I can see a hint of 90’s Thunderbird SC, with some Kaiser Darrin sprinkled on top)
Design 7
Things aren’t much better from the rear three-quarters view of Design 7. The greenhouse does predict almost exactly what Cadillac would use in the 1967 Eldorado, and it looks just as stunning in this application. But the toilet-sear trunk lid is back, as are some weird shark fins protruding from the trunk lid, which presumably house the brake lights (recall that the tailfin era was just getting started in 1953). I do like how the rear bumper fits flush with the bodywork, something you wouldn’t see on most cars until the 1960s and 70s. But egad, those angled rear wheel fender skirts are hideous.
All in all, the Grisinger-Miller proposals are among my least favorite of all the contest submissions. I do have to give them credit for ambition: They pulled in a lot of ahead-of-their-time design cues, in some cases successfully, in others not so much. But the target buyer of the Mark II wasn’t looking for far-out styling, so both of these designs would likely have been a sales flop.
Number 1 would be my choice. It’s timeless; almost 70 years later it’s still a very handsome design. I could easily picture it as a current Audi 8 series or a Bentley. Other than the taillights (which summon a later model Tornado and Seville) that would’ve worked better as a vertical counterpoint to the vestigial fenders, its damn near perfect.
For me, it straddles the ground between grand tourer and sports car.
#7’s face looks like a flattened Karmann-Ghia. As beautiful as the VWKG is, this would look really grotesque on a bigger car.
Are you familiar with the Chrysler D’Elegance?
I feel FoMoCo picked the right design for their top the line luxury car. But man, that second design by Walter Ford! That is gorgeous. As Tom said, it looks more like a GT than proper luxury, but it would have made for a great companion model, perhaps based of a Thunderbird?
Here’s a 1977 oral history interview with Walter Buhl Ford II:
https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-walter-buhl-ford-13268
#1 is great, it reminds me of a Facel Vega, which is never a bad thing.
#2 is just about perfect, really. The chosen design is far ahead of any others, but both 1 and 2 are contenders for beating the production model IMO. Do you suppose that the Ford name was a blessing and a curse for Walter’s prospects as a designer?
Thanks for a great essay. I have always admired the Continental Mark II for sheer elegance. Some of these alternate designs are worth merit as well. The Mark II looks like money without any hideous design. Former Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York drove his for twenty years at the family vacation home in Maine. It is now in the carriage house (you should see this stable and carriage house!) at the estate in Sleepy Hollow, NY. The estate is called Kykuit. Of note, Nelson did not order A/C.
Boy, don’t those trio at the bottom of page 5 look tickled to be scrutinising the clay model of № 10! Middle guy with paper looks like he’s about to reverse the charges on whatever he had for lunch, guy on the right looks as though he’s just realised he stepped in dog poo, and guy on the left looks like he’s thinking about stubbing out his smoke on the hood.
Wow, Walter Buhl Ford’s “Design 1” really does resemble a ’63 Riviera from the rear (or the other way around, really), enough so that I wonder if Ned Nickles ever got a peek at it, or if it was a genuine coincidence.
Beautiful drawings, but as mentioned already, Ford knew what they were doing when they chose the eventual design for the Mark II. It still looks great.
The design #7 rear besides predicting the 1967 Cadillac Eldorado, reminds me also from the sideview of the 1969 Pontiac Grand Prix the way the C-pillar was drawed.
It would be fun to photoshop it by removing these 2 tailfins and that “wheel seat” on the trunk to see how it would look without them.
Articles like these are what I come to CC for! I was so impressed I was finally motivated to subscribe. My favorite is design #1. It has a clean athletic look similar to a Facel Vega. I love the open green house. Number six is not too clean from any angle but it is the broughammy-est (?) of the bunch. It actually reminds me of a custom bodied Packard Darrin cabriolet coupe from the 1940s. Finally #10. The front end is typical 1950’s Chrysler and is not memorable, but I like the flatter treatment of the fake spare tire.
Aren’t there some horrors? But then you expect that in this era of design.
If I’d been there, I would have made a different suggestion, and gone off in a different direction again.
To me, the appeal of the original Continental was in its proportions. It was like a regular late-thirties coupe with about a six inch strip sliced out of the body, a longer dash-to-axle distance, and what they used to call a close-coupled coupe body, with no extraneous decoration. That’s what made the first Thunderbird so appealing, it had ‘Continental’ proportioning. (I’m ignoring the external spare tyre; to me that was anachronistic.)
Apply those changes to a regular Ford/Mercury/Lincoln mid-fifties design, and you wind up with something rather like the first Thunderbird. So how about if the Continental Mark II had come out as a larger, four seat version of that first Thunderbird design, with the Thunderbird spun off from it later?
And the original Continental got some imitations. Derham did a coachbuilt 1946 Chrysler New Yorker in the style of the Lincoln Continental.
https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2020/10/23/yes-this-derham-bodied-1946-chrysler-new-yorker-continental-does-have-a-continental-spare-tire-mount
Design 1 for sure. Only thing missing are rear wheel well covers.
Design 9 was the competition favorite, but it didn’t include the iconic trunk hump. The design team was forced to add it by upper management.
All of the pictures in this article are Ford property and came from a 300 photo cache that I made public from the Elmer Rohn Collection.
What many historians fail to mention is that from the beginning is the the car’s innovative chassis was built for a Retractable hardtop body. When the Mark II program was cancelled in late ’56 the technology for the hardtop went to Ford to build nearly 50,000 Skyliners.
The gymnasium was actually part of the Ford Trade School, closed in 1952 in anticipation of building Ford World Headquarters on the site. It was the Special Products Division that took over the complex and built the first Mark II and the ’58 Continental Mark III 4-door prototype there. The Retractable prototype was built at Lincoln in Detroit.
The article is one of the more accurate about the history of the Mark II. My article on the subject.
https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/why-the-continental-mark-2-should-never-be-called-a-lincoln/
Finding the Continental retractable hardtop is the Holy Grail of Lincoln Continental enthusiasts.
Designs 6 and 7 stand out (in a bad way) as Exneresque fever dreams. Some of the worst and the best American 50s coupé designs thrown together for the Mark II, yet they picked one of the better ones.
More information on the Continental Mark III, not the Lincoln model.
https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/1958-continental-mark-iii-is-actually-a-lincoln/
What became of that “Continental Division” building I’ve seen in many pics of the Mark II? That sign sure didn’t have a long life…
Anyway, drawing 2 for the win. Front end looks a bit like the “bullet” Thunderbirds, only more modern, while the rear view looks a bit ’63 Riviera. I’m not sure it would have gone over well in 1956 though, probably too out-there for the intended clientele.
Although Design 1 would have made a great grand touring in the vein of the Facel-Vega which is resembles, it wouldn’t fly as a Continental. There are attractive design elements in most every proposal, some more than others, but none as completely as the one ultimately selected.
The difference in the design process of the original “special convertible for Edsel Ford” versus what would become the Continental Mark II is the former was the inspiration of two highly talented and discerning individuals with innate design sense and good taste . Conversely, the Mark II the result of an assignment to reinterpret that original inspiration in an updated idiom. As such, it could hardly be but derivative, lacking that ‘indefinable something’ that made the original so extra special.
Worthy of mention is one of the designers on the in-house team was John Reinhart, lead designer on 1951 Packards. Engineering overrode a good many of the elements he wanted to incorporate in that car, including a lower belt-line.
Well put. It was an exercise in “retro” rather than something truly new or original. As such it was bound to be compromised. Which it was, especially the spare tire hump. Very unfortunate. And the roof line was also too heavily influenced by the original coupe’s.
“An exercise in ‘retro'” that’s the perfect succinct description! I’ll remember to use that when the Mark II subject arises again, thank you!
Regarding the spare tire hump: The exposed rear-mounted spare was considered one of the defining features of the ’39-’48 Continentals, on the Mark II, the stamped metal form does actually have a function: the spare tire sets in a well at an angle forward of it, if I recall correctly from LCOC meets. It makes trunk access miserable, but so did the trunk hatch design of the original. Such is style over function.
Very interesting to see all the Mark II proposals all at once the way the judges saw them. I have always been iffy on the Mark II. I see it as an attempt to “force” inspiration, and inspiration can never be forced–it just comes. And when something can be called “inspired”, it is obvious.
I also don’t think the Mark II was $5365 better than a ’56 Lincoln Premiere coupe, despite the Continental’s somewhat higher (some might say superficial) refinements.
Having said that, it is a car that is distinctive and makes a statement (a rather conservative one). Its styling also pointed the way to trends of the ’60s and ’70s. No. 9 is definitely the winning entry, though I would be happier about it if it didn’t have the tire bulge on the trunk–I don’t like anything overtly fake on a car.
If a buyer wanted to break from Cadillac while maintaining prestige and far-out luxury, other tempting choices would be a ’56 Packard Caribbean coupe or a ’56 Imperial coupe, each of which could be had for ~$4800 less.
This was a very interesting and informative article. I was surprised to see the Cunningham and Packard influences in the styling proposals. Most of the proposals appear to be “sportier” and more curvaceous than the car that was finally put into production. Like Poindexter says, the final car was always a bit “iffy” styling-wise as it attempted to reinterpret the classic original Continental as a more modern vehicle and the spare tire hump in the trunk was unfortunate.
Celebrity owners of Mark IIs included Elizabeth Taylor, John F. Kennedy, Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley, Dwight Eisenhower, and Nelson Rockefeller.
Just a quick follow-up comment: In the 1980s, There was a white Mark II that was regularly or Sunday driven around Morris Plains, NJ. I would see it in the Shop-Rite parking lot after church. It had a NJ vanity license plate, “MARK II”. The car was in very good condition, and what struck me about it at the time was that it didn’t look particularly “old”, the way a 1956-57 Buick or Mercury would. In fact, it blended in quite well with the ’70s-’80s Lincolns which were common at the time, especially from the rear. And then, eventually, I didn’t see it anymore.
The 1980s were the last time you could still find a few cars from the ’50s being driven as regular (not show cars) by non-hobby-type people–usually older drivers who were in their 70s and 80s. And I wonder what happened to some of these cars after their owners were no longer around to drive and maintain them.
The car looked like this:
IMHO, Ford got almost right, spoilt only by the Continental spare (YMMV), but nailed it in 1961.
These are really interesting!
What I find most intrieguing is the “retro” nature of most of these design proposals.
1953 was at the heart of an era when everything in the US car industry was going increasingly jazzy, chrome-clad and tail-finned and charging decisively forward, towards the bright, new future. And suddenly there’s this one project that tries to evoke the memories of something from the past. How come?
I guess some people were starting to get a sense that something had gone missing, and the “retro” appeal is there as an attempt to recapture what had been lost.
It was the grandeur and true exclusivity of the senior luxury cars of the thirties, I suppose. The V12-Continentals of late 40s might have been seen as the last connection with that prewar era? The mass-market “people’s Cadillacs” of the 50s didn’t have that air of exclusivity about them anymore.
This sense of luxury cars becoming increasingly devalued must have just deepened in the US as the 60s progressed, with mainstream brands’ push upmarket. And as a reaction, retro really kicked in, trying to emulate the luxury cars of the 30s. I’m guessing there might have also been the reaction to the social upsets of the hippie era that further fueled these conservative themes? Anyway, soon there were Greek temple grilles and vinyl tops on everything. Not to mention the emergence of Stutzes, Excaliburs and such.
Going more and more extreme and kitschy with retro cues must have been seen as a sign of exclusivity and of spiritual connection with the luxury cars of the past. Which will also explain all those increasingly horrendous “neo-classic” conversion jobs on late-70s Eldorados, Sevilles etc.