In New York City, when major fires happen in the huge, tall buildings, fighting them is anything but easy. Fighting the big fires in the Big Apple takes big water and that is where the ultimate fire engine comes in. In the 1960’s and 70’s, New York’s Superpumper ruled the mean streets and pushed the boundaries of truck-based firefighting. Click through to read the story of the biggest fire engine Man has yet created.
In fire buff circles worldwide, this is quite a famous rig, though most current firefighters probably don’t know about it. It really is an amazing machine that folks with an interest in vehicles and machinery and no particular interest in firefighting should still find interesting.
If you’re going to have a big fire, you would do well to have it next to a large body of water in a big city because it would be accessible to fire boats. Fire boats, by their nature, are capable of putting vastly more water on a fire than a regular fire engine can. There is no reasonable weight or size limit to how large the engines and water pumps can be and they have an unlimited supply of water that they are floating in.
Firefighters would love to have a fire boat at every major fire, but of course that’s not possible since most fires happen far from water. What if you could have a fire truck with the capacity of a fire boat? That dream wasn’t possible technologically until the post WWII era, when NYC took up the challenge.
The single handline doesn’t look very effective!
The impetus came on April 20, 1963 when a Staten Island brush and lumber yard fire caused over $2 million of damage (in 1963 dollars). Numerous problems compounded each other to turn a bad fire into a complete catastrophe, with poor water supply chief among them. William Francis Gibbs, a naval architect who designed New York’s largest fire boat, had been thinking for years about a land-based super-sized pumper truck and was able to use this fire to convince the FDNY to let him design it and have Mack Trucks build it.
water relay with at least 3 fire engines
For those not familiar with fire operations, here’s a few baseline considerations that will help to explain the rationale for a Superpumper. Water supply at a fire is limited by the capacity of the water mains under the hydrants in the area. You can hook up to multiple hydrants, but if they are all on the same main it doesn’t actually increase the amount you can pump if you at the main’s limit. If you have a big fire and you’re lucky, you’re near a large feeder main and not a smaller distributor main. (in our city, hydrant heads are painted different colors corresponding to the size of the water main). If you’re really lucky, you’ll be near a large pond or lake or even a shoreline and you can draft water directly from there. You can get water from almost anywhere by setting up a relay with multiple pumpers, but that takes a lot of time to get enough engines there and set them all up. A single engine can’t just pump into an infinite length of hose because of hose friction loss (and gravity if going uphill). The pressure required to overcome that would burst the hoses close to the pumper, assuming it even had the capacity to pump that pressure (which a standard engine wouldn’t).
The motivation for the Superpumper is that it allowed firefighters to use a single unit to get very large quantities of water from the nearest suitable source within 2000 ft. (well-supplied hydrants or a large water body) and pump as much water as you could normally get from several individual fire engines. Also, with a very large capacity pump, water can be directed through an extra large water cannon to put huge quantities of water in one focused area.
Two important technologies had to be available in order to design this supersized pumper. One was hose that would withstand the high pressures. The U.S. Navy had developed high pressure hose technology during WWII, which enabled hose to be made for the Superpumper which was light enough to be manageable and pressure tested to 1000 p.s.i. (4-5 times the pressure rating of regular modern fire hose).
The second thing needed was a motor that was powerful enough to work a very large pump but compact and light enough to be installed in a truck trailer. The answer to this need was a British engine: the Napier Deltic Diesel. A more exotic configuration for an engine would be hard to find.
The Deltic is a supercharged, two-stroke, opposed-piston engine with no valves. As used in the Superpumper, it has 18 cylinders, 36 pistons and three crankshafts. This engine was developed during WWII (again) for use in light, fast naval boats such as Patrol and Torpedo boats. Though designed for boats, it was also used for trains in the British Railways Class 55 and Class 23 locomotives built in the early 60’s. I’m not aware of it being used in any other fire service applications.
from Wikipedia
For those (like me) not familiar, a two-stroke Diesel design uses forced air induction and no valves (ED: some two stroke diesels, specifically the EMD/GM/DD two stroke family has exhaust poppet valves). The intake phase starts at bottom-dead-center (BDC). The mechanically driven blower charges the cylinder with air. In the early phase of intake, the air charge is also used to force out any remaining combustion gases from the preceding power stroke.
As the pistons approach each other, the intake charge of air is compressed. Near top dead center, fuel is injected, resulting in combustion due to the charge’s extremely high pressure and heat created by compression, which drives the pistons apart. As the pistons move downward in the cylinder, they will reach a point where the exhaust port is exposed to expel the high-pressure combustion gasses.The intake port containing pressurized air is also exposed, and the cycle starts again at BDC. (adapted from Wikipedia)
The engine was rated at 2400 h.p. @ 1800 r.p.m. I have not been able to find any references which list displacement or torque rating.
Above is the Napier Deltic engine as mounted in the Superpumper. It was placed behind glass-windowed folding doors, which was appropriate because it allowed the world to always be able to see the exotic engine. From the outside, it resembles a very large conventional V engine but looks can be deceiving. When running, it certainly couldn’t be mistaken for a regular engine because the exhaust note was a constant buzz and loud enough that firefighters working near it were required to wear ear protection.
This drawing of the gearing in the Deltic engine, and the images above, make it clear this is no conventional engine. The gear trains in the phasing gear casing transmit the drive from the three crankshafts to a single output shaft located through the center of the triangular housing. Though complex, none of the research I did said it is a troublesome powerplant at all. In fact, the only mention I saw of problems with the system were with the Mack tractors which were prone to breakdown. The department neglected to get reserve tractors, so if either the Pumper or Tender tractor were down for repair, the whole system was out of service.
The Superpumper was actually a three part system:
1. The Pumper itself, consisting of a tractor and semi-trailer. The tractor is a 1965 Mack F715FS with a Diesel V8 engine. The engine has a Power Take Off for an air compressor used to start the trailer-mounted Deltic engine and the priming pump for the main water pump. It is also equipped with an ether injection system for cold weather starting. The trailer contained the pump engine, pump and twin 200 gallon fuel tanks. The Deltic engine is connected to a DeLaval six stage centrifugal water pump mounted at the rear of the trailer. The pump was made of stainless steel to allow for fresh or salt water. It is rated at 8,800 gpm and has a maximum pressure output of 700 psi (gpm goes down to 4,400 at maximum pressure). For comparison, a regular FDNY pumper at that time was rated at 750 or 1000 gpm. Most modern pumpers are rated 1500 or 2000 gpm with maximum pressure around 250 psi.
2. The Supertender, consisting of a tractor and semi-trailer. The tractor is the same model as the pumper’s but has a 10,000 gpm water canon (nicknamed Big Bertha) and hydraulically operated stabilizing outriggers. The trailer holds 2,000 ft of 4 1/2 inch high pressure hose, a pressure reducer (to attach low pressure hand lines) and compartments for equipment.
At a fire, the tractor can be quickly detached from the trailer and maneuvered more easily where needed to use the water cannon. The cannon could spray up to 600 ft, though typically did less. The water force could knock down walls, so it had to be used carefully!
3. Satellite Tenders. The system had three Satellite Tenders, each with a 4,000 gpm water cannon and carrying 2000 ft of 4 1/2 inch high pressure hose. The tenders were 1965 Macks with Diesel engines, very similar to FDNY’s regular fire engines at the time except they didn’t have a water pump.
The Tenders were housed at strategic locations around the city and would typically arrive at a large fire before the Superpumper and Supertender. The Satellites could set up ahead in a good location and be ready to use their deck gun when the Superpumper was set up, using hose off of or hooking up to the Supertender. Alternatively, they could go to wherever the Superpumper was located, hook up their hose to it and drive to where they were needed at the fire, playing their hose out behind them. The strategy would be situational, of course, with the set up being much easier the closer the water supply and the Superpumper were to the fire.
Mack factory photo of brand new Satellite prior to delivery and decals
The Superpumper was in service from 1965 to 1982 and had a long record of success. At an early incident in 1965, it was used at an 11 (!) alarm Brooklyn lumberyard fire (not unlike the 1963 Staten Island fire that spurred its development) and drafted 7 million gallons of water, sparing the city’s drought-weakened fresh water supply. At a 1967 postal annex fire, it supplied water to the water cannon on the tender truck, its three satellite units, two tower ladder trucks, and a portable manifold with multiple hand lines all by itself.
Satellite 1 near the end of it’s service life
The Superpumper system has never been replicated in any other city, probably because of the huge initial investment. The price of $875,000 would be over $7 million today plus the dedicated manpower to staff it, a price that probably only the largest fire department in the country could justify for a single unit.
Though the system proved itself over the years and responded to over 2,200 incidents, FDNY elected to retire it apparently mainly for financial reasons. New York City was financially strapped in the late 70’s and early 80’s. The aging system needed to be replaced, but the department elected instead to replace it with six 2,000-gpm pumpers along with satellite hose wagons. They called it the Maxi Water System, but the fancy name couldn’t make up for losing the biggest, baddest fire engine the world has ever seen.
I’ve alternately used past and present tense when talking about the Superpumper because both the Pumper and the Tender do still exist, in private hands and not together from what I can tell. As a big fan of Then and Now books, I’ve included photos above of a Satellite truck brand new and after many years of use. Something about seeing how places or vehicles change over time fascinates me!
References include:
Fire Engines, Firefighters by Paul C. Ditzel, 1976. Older but good book on the history of firefighting in U.S.
New York City Fire Trucks by Wayne Sorenson and Donald F. Wood, 2002. Pictorial history of NYC apparatus, horse drawn to modern. B&W, but a really cool overview.
With New York Firemen magazine, 2nd quarter 1966 by John F. Romann. WNYF is a magazine written and edited by and for FDNY firefighters. I recently discovered this periodical when I found a stash of old issues at a fire station, which to someone like me is fascinating. This issue had an article on Diesels in the Fire Department, which were just coming into use in the fire service. It also contained a lot of info on their recently purchased Superpumper, including the Deltic illustrations above, which were better than any I found on the internet. This is where I got the idea to write this article, though of course I’ve been aware of the Superpumper for a long time.
Mechanical Engineering magazine, Nov 1965 by John Lehoczky, Jr. An article written by the director of Mack Trucks fire apparatus division at the time the Superpumper was built. I found it scanned on this Flickr page with a trove of photos.
BangshiftXL website, Feb 16, 2018 by Brian Lohnes. Good informative article that I found most of the internet’s best pictures in.
Thanks for a great writeup. I think we need something like this in Houston. Any idea where the Superpumper and the tender are now?
Reportedly the pumper is in Michigan and the tender is in California, both owned by private collectors. This article has pictures taken in recent years: https://www.hemmings.com/blog/article/the-ultimate-weapon/
This would certainly be neat to have here in Houston. I can think of a few fires where it would have been real useful. As an HFD member, though, I can tell you they would never spend the money unless it could be paid for with grants. The budget $ would be much better spent on keeping our perpetually needy fleet updated (or on increased FF salaries!)
What a splendid machine! No surprise about the ear defenders though, Deltic engines are loud as in 11.
“A British engine: the Napier Deltic Diesel. A more exotic configuration for an engine would be hard to find.”
”Though complex, none of the research I did said it is a troublesome powerplant at all.”
Complex ….seems like such an understatement.
M.C. Escher’s ‘Hands’ comes to mind more than a practical engine design.
Good observation! Maybe it should be called the Napier Escher.
It was hardly a paragon of reliability. From Wikipedia:
While the Deltic engine was successful in marine and rail use and very powerful for its size and weight, it was a highly strung unit, requiring careful maintenance. This led to a policy of unit replacement rather than repair in situ.
This is undoubtedly why the Deltic never found a market in the US except this pumper, which needed to have a very high power-to-weight ratio. American rail operators would fave found it to be grossly too “high maintenance”, as was the case with the Krauss-Maffei diesel-hydraulic locos used for a brief while by the SRGW railroad.
European diesel engines tended to prioritize high output with low weight, meaning high speed engines. That’s not the case in the US, where low (and simple) maintenance and long life were the priorities.
A wonderful engine. As a child I didn’t know why the trains that used them sounded so good.
They are huge and must weigh quite a lot but will always be a favourite of mine.
Actually, the attraction of the Deltic for British Rail was lightweight, compared to alternative locos of lesser power. The 3300hp Deltic was just 100 tons; the 2750hp Class 47 was closer to 120, and maxed out at 95mph not 100.
And the Class 47 was a few years newer (7 years after the prototype and 2 after the production models). The typical power of the Deltic’s design contemporaries was around 2000hp weighing 133 tons.
It may be the worlds largest firefighter piston engine. But it is by far not the largest firefighting engine. This title belongs the the russian “Big Wind” based on two MIG21 engines and old tanks. It delivers 27.000 pound of thrust.
heres a video from 1991 from Kuwaits burning oil fields:
https://youtu.be/-Cm2HPw1jak
Holy shit!
Completely new to me, and very explained and told. The Deltic engine had quite a history, been used on boats, planes, trains and eventually a form of truck. Do you know if the engines were built in the UK?
You’re right too about needing ear protection – a Deltic under load is a truly peircing and distinctive noise, and is load enough on a train passing, never mind close to you for a significant period of time.
Thanks for the research and for sharing.
Do you know if the engines were built in the UK?
I rather doubt that Naier built a factory in the US for one engine. 🙂
Ive heard of Deltics but never seen or heard on in action they make a TS3 Rootes opposed piston diesel look straightforward and simple the sound must be incredible, Ive seen some extremely large pumps I used to overhaul them but they were fixed not mobile a 38 inch impellor can move an awful lot of water but for steam turbine exhaust cooling not fire fighting. What a fascinating article thanx for that.
“The engine was rated at 2400 h.p. @ 1800 r.p.m. I have not been able to find any references which list displacement or torque rating.”
At 1800 RPM it would have been producing 7000 ft/lbs of torque.
HP = (FT/LBS*RPM)/5252
Although not the same and integrated in a single fire engine there is a somewhat similar setup in the Amsterdam (Netherlands) region. After big incidents in Europe the big oil and gasstorage companies based in the port of Amsterdam decided to place a massive pump and engine on a open container carried by a Volvo FH-truck and supported by tenders and a range of support vehicles. A similar pump and engine is also placed on a barge to proces even a greater amount of water and foam.
The system has never been set to use to this day but is ready and can be called for action not only in the Amsterdam region but far beyond the country line for example in Belgium and Germany.
You can find a little introduction video here
and some pictures of a actual setup here:http://www.brandweer-spaarndam.nl/2012/08/18/opbouw-ayma/
Very interesting! Are those facilities accessible by fireboat? Do they have fireboats in that area?
What a fascinating machine and engine. Thanks for the write-up.
I’m just stunned at the imagination of the engineer who thought up the Deltic configuration in the first place. Talk about thinking outside the box! And again at the engineer who thought of taking this amazing engine and applying it to a fire pump. Thank you jon7190 for explaining the mechanics of fire pumping as applied to huge city fires – quite different concerns to small-town building and scrub fires I occasionally see.
A great read.
Fascinating – never knew about this one – thanks…Jim.
Wow, what a fabulous piece of machinery! Lots of things get called “awesome”, but this is truly, genuinely, awesome.
Very interesting stuff, thanks for writing it.
I grew up in New York and was a volunteer fireman on Long Island and never heard of that thing. It looks like it would have been right at home in Gotham. I would have loved to have seen it in action. Those deck guns are truly epic!
The Super Pumper and the Super Tender may no longer live in NYC, but their home does, just down the hill from Downtown Brooklyn on Tillary Street. You can see the depth of the garages here, with the standard pumpers stored there well back of the door. The station to the right of the office section is still active.
https://www.google.com/maps/@40.6959151,-73.9828054,3a,75y,179.83h,94.73t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s4LkxrIlYf4Q6Nibrykjy4g!2e0!6s%2F%2Fgeo0.ggpht.com%2Fcbk%3Fpanoid%3D4LkxrIlYf4Q6Nibrykjy4g%26output%3Dthumbnail%26cb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile.gps%26thumb%3D2%26w%3D203%26h%3D100%26yaw%3D120.59046%26pitch%3D0%26thumbfov%3D100
Most of the write ups I’ve seen over the years focus on the DeLaval pump, and rarely mention the Deltic, so this is a great corrective.
I saw a Super Pumper unit languishing in the Brooklyn Navy Yard around 1987. My recollection is that part of why they were retired was too many firemen suffering permanent hearing loss. As aside that was why Emergency One developed rear engine pumpers, so the noise was away from the cab.
I am a Brit living in USA and hope I can shed light on the Deltic Engine, from the Greek letter Delta, same shape as the cylinder layout. I believe that the super pumper was the only application other than for Navy or Railway use. The engine was expensive to buy and operate and overhaul but the main market was for Navy applications where high power to weight and high power to engine physical size were important, same as for the NYFD pumper. The UK railways had 22 very successful locomotives called “Deltics”, the British Rail Class 55 built in 1961 and 1962 by the English Electric Company, designed for the high-speed express passenger services between Edinburgh and London. These had 18 cylinders. Later there were 10 Class 23 “Baby Deltics” built with the 9 cylinder engine like Superpumper. A Group in England is re-creating a Baby Deltic by modifying a Class 37 locomotive which looked similar but had an English Electric Diesel engine. They have a 9 cylinder Deltic engine to use in this project.
Is the pumper on public view?
I am a retired FDNY Captain and worked as a fill in with the Super Pumper as a firemen. I am also a railfan and found your information about the Railroad use of Deltic engines, interesting. The Super Pumper was very heavy and was tough to drive around the streets of New York. The Satellite Units in the “Super Pumper” System were used much more often and 1 Satellite responded on every 2nd alarm fire in New York City. The Super Pumper was quartered in an area of Brooklyn N.Y. that had good access to many main throughfares and highways. The Super Pumper and the Super Pumper Tender responded on every 3rd Alarm fire in any of New Yorks 5 Boroughs., along with Two additional satellites from other parts of the city. Captain Robert Rainey Engine 26 F.D.N.Y. Retired
Correction, superpumper was 18 cylinder.
My dad, Harry T. Crowther, was Napier’s senior project engineer on the Deltic when it was installed in the Super Pumper. He worked closely with William Francis Gibbs of Gibbs & Cox and John Lehoczky of Mack Trucks, and spent about a year in the U.S. overseeing that part of the project. He spent many hours riding in the Deltic dynamometer car during its development with British Railways, and it cost him a good portion of his hearing!
Mack Trucks recruited him to their Fire Apparatus Engineering division in 1969, and our family emigrated to the U.S. It was the best thing that ever happened to us, so the Napier Deltic changed the course of our lives…even though it deafened my dad!
My father picked up and drove the original Super Pumper and was on this magnificent truck through the 60’s and 70’s and was at these horrible fires. I remember when I got older him telling me stories of his days in the FDNY. He retired early during the cutbacks a few years before they took the Super Pumper out of service. He was 42 years old in 1979. He passed away four years later at the age of 46 on Dec. 17, 1983 from colon cancer. I didn’t have the heart to tell him they took his beloved Super Pumper out of service. A few of his firefighter friends told me before he passed and I asked them not to tell him.
He loved to take pictures and I have so many pictures on slides of the Super Pumper and of the firehouse from back in the day. I would love to donate them, but don’t know where to bring them to. If anyone has any suggestions or if I should try to have them transferred to pictures, where I could go to have that done. I would so appreciate that.
I will leave my email address here:
Reginamblock@gmail.com
Thank you
The US Navy used Norwegian built PT boats fitted with Deltic engines, which saw active service in the Vietnam war.
https://www.ptfnasty.com/
As a UK rail fan this is fascinating. I remember the Deltic well and they have a huge fan base in the UK. The engines did need a lot of maintence and they were all maintained at Doncaster Railway workshops. They did have a reputation for throwing g pistons, known as putting a leg out of bed. Farmers alongside their main route complained about finding pistons I their fields. Several have been preserved and some still operate railtours. Most of them are in the care of The Deltic Preservation Society based at Barrow Hill in Derbyshire.
https://www.thedps.co.uk/
I’sure that they would be happy to provide details of displacement, power etc.
Jamie Guest